The Ready-Made Garment (RMG) industry in Bangladesh has charted remarkable export growth—USD 31.5 billion in 2021, accounting for over 80 % of national exports—yet it faces acute resource constraints, environmental hazards, and social equity challenges. The sector’s average water footprint (125–250 L/kg of fabric) and carbon intensity (~1.5 kg CO₂e/kg) underscore the imperative for systemic sustainability interventions that transcend compliance and embed circularity at every stage of production [1], [2], [13]. Bangladesh’s textile clusters lie within some of the world’s most water-stressed basins. Traditional dye houses discharge effluents with biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) upwards of 500 mg/L, far exceeding national standards. Recent pilots deploying digital flow meters and real-time water quality sensors have achieved 35 % reductions in freshwater intake and a 50 % drop in effluent loads by optimizing batch scheduling and implementing closed-loop rinse systems [1], [11]. Sc...
Introduction Graphene fiber (GF), a new breed of carbonaceous fiber with high expectations in science and technology, starting from low-cost graphite and are directly assembled from graphene and graphene derivatives. In recent days works on GF have increased steadily from the year of its development, indicating that the high expectations of GF have received growing interest from the scientific community. The consequent contributions have boosted the mechanical and conducting performance of graphene fiber with a continuously rising trend. GFs represent a brand-new horizon for fabricating carbonaceous fibers, and a new branch to the development of structural–functional integrated materials. History and Evolution of Graphene Fiber The history of carbonaceous fibers can be traced back to the nineteenth century. In 1860, J. Swan used carbon filament as the emitter of an electric lamp. Soon after, T. A. Edison realized the vacuum sealing of electric lamps, enabling carbon filamen...